Why do we have to do this?

     The purpose of a bibliography are to give proper credit to the sources used, to refer the reader to relevant sources, and to allow the reader to recreate the path followed in preparing the research paper. Your bibliography should be clear and accurate enough to lead your readers precisely to the same sources you found and used in your paper. The APA guidelines are so different from MLA style that you will need to refer often to the APA manual for details not found in this handout. Either buy your own copy, or go to the library to use it there (see below).

Current Edition APA Manual:

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association(5^th ed.).(2001).

     Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

     RMC Call No.: REF 808.0661/PUB

• To prepare your bibliography, see Chapter 4 "Reference List."
• To type your paper, see Chapter 5 "Manuscript Preparation and Sample Papers to Be Submitted for Publication."
• APA web page: www.apastyle.org

Basic Facts OF APA Style Manuscripts

General Format

• Preferred fonts: Times New Roman 12-pt or Courier New 12-pt.
• Number all pages in the upper right corner.
• Double space everything!
• If a number is less than 10, write it out. If it is 10 or higher, use the number.
• If a number starts a sentence, spell out the number, even if it is higher than 10.
• Use a "0" before a decimal points for numbers<1. For example, 0.25 cm.
• Indent the first line of everything paragraph.
• Use one-inch margins on each side of text.
• Do not justify the right margin, just use "ragged" edge.
• Do not hyphenate words at the end of the sentence.
• Capitalize the first letter of each sentence, major words in titles and headings, propernouns and trade names, and the first letter after a colon [:] if it is in independent clause.
• Use italics, bold, and abbreviations sparingly.
• Space only once after punctuation.

Quotation

• Quotations of fewer than 40 words should be put into quotes and inside the sentence. Longer quotes should be block quoted, no quotation marks, double-spaced, with 1/2 inch indent from the left margin (see sec. 3.34)
• Direct, in-text quote: use parenthesis, give author's last name, year published, and page number. For Example: An earlier study illustrated this point (Brown, 2004, p. 416).
• Do not use footnotes at the bottom of the page; Put them together on a separate page.
• All citations in the manuscript must appear in the reference list, and all references must be cited in the text.
• When quoting a electronic source within the text, use the paragraph symbol or paragraph number instead of page numbers. Many web pages, other then Adpbe documents, do not provide accurate page numbering. Count the paragraphs and use either the paragraph symbol, or the abbreviation "para." followed by the number.

Basic Facts of APA style Reference Lists

• A complete citation will contain the author, year of publication, title and publishing data. Make sure the citation is accurate and complete.
• Initials only of author's first and middle names. Brown, D. T. and Smith, J.
• Date of publication always follows author's name in parenthesis: Brown, D. T. and Smith J. (2004).
• Titles of articles are just plain text.
• Titles of publications are italicized.
• Order of References (see page 219): Alphabetize list entries by surname; Multiple authors: list in order given; No author, but corporate author: alphabetize using the first significant word of the agency, association, institution or organization; If there is no author, or agency, as above, the title moves to the first position and is alphabetized by the first significant word of the title;If there is more than one work by the same author, arrange by the year of publication, with earliest first.
• All citations in the manuscript must appear in the reference list, and all references must be cited in the text.

Sample Citations from the APA Publication Manual

 Book with one author or editor, no author, and multi-volume works:

Author. (Year published). Article Title. Publication Title. City of publication: Publisher.

Fukuyama, F. (2002). Our Posthuman Future: Consequences of Biotechnology Revolution.

     New York: Farrar.

Gibbs, J.T. (Ed.). (1991). Children of color: Psychological interventions with minority youth.

     San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (10^th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA:

     Merriam-Webster.

Rosenthal, R. (1987). Meta-analytic procedures for social research (Rev. ed.).

     Newbury PArk, CA: Sage.

Koch, S. (Ed.). (1959-1963). Psychology: A study of science (Vols. 1-6). New York:

     McGraw-Hill.

Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians

     (6^th ed., Vols. 1-20). London: McMillan.

Books with multiple authors or editors:

Author, Author, Author. (Year published). Title. City of publication: Publisher.

Mitchell, T.R. & Larson, J.R., Jr. (1987). People in organizations: An introduction to

     organizational behavior (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

Gibbs, J.T. & Haung, L.N. (Eds.). (1991). Children of color: Psychological interventions

     with minority youth. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Book Chapters or Essays:

Author(s). (Year published). Title of article or chapter. In [editor's name] (Ed.),

     Book title (pp.). City of publication: Publisher. 

O'Neil, J.M., & Egan, J. (1992). Men's and women's gender role journeys:

     Metaphor for healing, transition, and transformation. In B.R. Wainrib (Ed.),

     Gender issues across the life cycle (pp. 107-123). New York: Springer.

Baker, F.M., & Lightfoot, O.B. (1993). Psychiatric care of ethnic elders. In

     A.C. Gaw (Ed.), Culture, ethnicity, and mental illness (pp. 517-552).

     Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.

Periodicals (Journals, Newsletters, Newspapers, and Magizines):

 Journal:

Author(s). (Year published). Article title. Journal title, volume number, page numbers.

Deutsch, F.M., Lussier, J.B., & Servis, L.J. (1993). Husbands at home: Predictors

     of paternal participation in childcare and housework. Journal of Personality

     and Social Psychology, 65, 1154-1166.

Journal article withmore than six authors:

Wolchik, S.A., West, S.G., Sandler, I.N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., et al.

     (2000). An experimental evaluation of theory-based mother and

     mother-child programs for children of divorce. Journal of Consulting

     and Clinical Psychology, 68, 843-856.

 Journal articles found through a database:

Eid, M., & Langeheine, R. (1999). The measurement of consistency and

     occasion specificity with latent class models: A new model and its application

     to the measurement of affect. Psychological Methods, 4, 100-116. Retrieved

     November 19, 2000, from the PsycARTICLES database.

Journal articles found at a website:

VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the

     selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic

     Research, 5, 117-123. Retrieved October 13, 2001,

     from http://jbr.org/articles.html

Magazine:

Author(s). Year published, Month Day). Article title. Magazine Title,

     volume number, page numbers.

Henry, W.A., III. (1990, April 9). Beyond the melting pot. Time, 135, 28-31.

Newsletter:

Brown, L.S. (1993, Spring). Antidomination training as a central component

     of diversity in clinical psychology education. The Clinical Psychologist,

     46, 83-87.

Newspaper article:

Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status.

     The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.

Newspaper article found through a database:

Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status.

     The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4. Retrieved November 19, 2000, from the

     Lexis-Nexis database.

Multimedia Formats:

Motion picture review:

Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director). (2000). You can count on me

     [Motion picture]. United States: Paramount Pictures.

Television broadcast:

Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour

     [Television broadcast]. New York and Washington, D.C.: Public Broadcasting Service.

Music recording:

Writer, A. (Date of copyright). Title of song [Recorded by artist if different from writer].

     On Title of Album [Medium of recording: CD, record, cassette, etc].

     Location: Label. (Recording date if different from copyright date)

Shocked, M. (1992). Over the waterfall. On Arkansas traveler [CD]. New York: Polygram Music.

Internet:

Internet articles:

Frederickson, B.L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize

     health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 001a. Retrieved

     November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html

Hilts, P.J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions, most people

     flunk out. New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2000, from

     http://www.nytimes.com